Ionic, H-bonding, Dipole, or London?
*Since all compounds have London forces. London forces are also present. However, their affect is minor and overshadowed by the stronger forces present.
Note: the term “polar” is used interchangeable with “polar covalent”. Likewise, “nonpolar” and “nonpolar covalent” mean the same thing.
Network solids (covalent crystals)
There are some compounds that do not have molecules, but instead are long chains of covalent bonds (E.g. diamond)


This happens in 3 dimensions, creating a crystal
Because there are only covalent bonds, network solids are extraordinarily strong

Metallic crystals
Metals normally occur as solids (high melting points).
Thus, there must be strong bonds between the atoms of metals causing them to bond
Bonding in metals and alloys is different from in other compounds: positive nuclei exist in a sea of electrons (this explains why metals conduct electricity)
Crystal types
There are 6 types of intermolecular forces
These forces are associated with certain crystal types. By comparing solids we have a common frame of reference.
The crystal types and their basic units are
1) Network (covalently bonded atoms)
2) ionic (electrostatic attraction of ions),
3) metallic (positive nuclei in electron sea),
4) Molecular (electrostatic attraction of dipoles in molecules)
a) Polar (dipole-dipole and H-bonding)
b) Non-polar (London forces)
Properties of crystals
Boiling and melting occur when the forces between molecules are overcome and a change of state occurs
The higher the force of attraction between molecules (IMF) the higher the melting/-boiling point (see previous slide for order)
Only metallic crystals conduct electricity in solid state (they also conduct in liquid state)
Ionic crystals will conduct electricity in molten state or dissolved because ions are free to move to positive and negative poles
Solubility of crystal types
Solute = what is dissolving (e.g. salt)
Solvent = what it is dissolving in (e.g. water)
Strong attractions between the basic units of covalent crystals cause them to be insoluble.
Metallic crystals are likewise insoluble
The solubility of other crystals depends on solute and solvent characteristics
We will see that polar/ionic solutes dissolve in polar/ionic solvents and non-polar solutes dissolve in non-polar solvents
This is known as the like-dissolves-like rule
Attraction and randomness
The reason why some substances mix and others do not has to do with …
1) Intermolecular forces
2) the tendency for randomness due to random molecular motion

Reference: 499 (starting from “A tendency toward randomness”) to 502 (ending right before “How Soaps and Detergents work”)
Mixing oil and water
Lets take a look at why oil and water don’t mix (oil is non-polar, water is polar)
The dipoles of water attract, pushing the oil (with no partial charge) out of the way: attractions win out over the tendency toward randomness
Crystals worksheet
Place numbers in boxes according to descriptions
Use pg. 374-376 and class notes, and internet as references
At end rows should add up to 126 each
Crystals worksheet answers
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